[Brief introduction on compilation and editions of Yang ke xuan cui].

Yang ke xuan cui («¼) is a surgical work compiled by Chen Wenzhi () of the Ming Dynasty. There are few of research on the completion and author of the book. Based on the evidences in the local chronicles, the prefaces and postscripts of the book, it has been verified that the book was originally completed no later than 1591, and Chen Wenzhi passed away no later than 1623. After investigating the 6 editions collected by 8 institutions, a collection of 11 books in total, by comparing the characteristics and circulation relationship of each edition, two systems of circulation were sorted out: block-printed edition of Xu Xi () and review edition of Xu Dachun ().

[The understanding of chronic rhinitis in traditional Chinese medicine and the definition of nasal obstruction disease].

This paper reports on review of the conceptual cognition and definition of chronic rhinitis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Diseases with nasal congestion as the main symptom were recorded in The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic (Huang Di Nei Jing) and Medical Bamboo slips of Wu Wei(Wu Wei Yi Jian), but these diseases had not been given names at that point in time. Chronic rhinitis and acute rhinitis had not been distinguished clearly. Some symptoms, in ancient Chinese medical books, indicated some possibility as those of chronic rhinitis, such as "bi weng"(), "stuffy nose"(), "anosmia" (), "nasal obstruction"(), "stuffy nose with anosmia"() and " poor nasal passages" ().In the first half of the last century, "biyuan"(), "biweng" () and "stuffy nose"() were classified at the symptoms of chronic rhinitis with the same names in traditional Chinese medicine. "Biyuan" was widely used at that time, but was gradually eliminated for the lack of semantic meaning. In the 1970s, "nasal obstruction" was proposed by many textbooks as the name of TCM for chronic rhinitis. In 1980, "nasal obstruction disease"() was finally specified as the formal name by Otorhinolaryngology of TCM (the 4th edition), the national unified textbook. This term has been widely accepted in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, driven by the united textbooks and clinical guidelines, while it is still insufficient in the perspective of meaning and science. The process of normalisation of "nasal obstruction disease" shows that the name of chronic rhinitis in ancient Chinese medicine is not equivalent to its term in modern medicine. It also suggests that the comparison of disease names between traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine must be fully investigated. It is necessary to understand the differences between ancient and modern connotations of terminology when reading and using ancient Chinese medicine literature.

The rise and fall of rationality in language.

The surge of post-truth political argumentation suggests that we are living in a special historical period when it comes to the balance between emotion and reasoning. To explore if this is indeed the case, we analyze language in millions of books covering the period from 1850 to 2019 represented in Google nGram data. We show that the use of words associated with rationality, such as "determine" and "conclusion," rose systematically after 1850, while words related to human experience such as "feel" and "believe" declined. This pattern reversed over the past decades, paralleled by a shift from a collectivistic to an individualistic focus as reflected, among other things, by the ratio of singular to plural pronouns such as "I"/"we" and "he"/"they." Interpreting this synchronous sea change in book language remains challenging. However, as we show, the nature of this reversal occurs in fiction as well as nonfiction. Moreover, the pattern of change in the ratio between sentiment and rationality flag words since 1850 also occurs in New York Times articles, suggesting that it is not an artifact of the book corpora we analyzed. Finally, we show that word trends in books parallel trends in corresponding Google search terms, supporting the idea that changes in book language do in part reflect changes in interest. All in all, our results suggest that over the past decades, there has been a marked shift in public interest from the collective to the individual, and from rationality toward emotion.

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: biografia de um livro / The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life: biography of a book

Resumo Na marca dos 60 anos de sua publicação, este artigo reconstrói a biografia do livro The presentation of self in everyday life , de Erving Goffman, de 1959. Utiliza-se, de forma adaptada, a perspectiva de Robert Darnton, original e revisitada pelo autor em seus estudos sobre a história dos livros. Além desse referencial, o artigo faz uso de textos originais de Goffman, da tradução brasileira, de estudos bibliográficos, artigos críticos, resenhas, coletâneas, e de entrevistas e informações que fazem parte do Erving Goffman Archives. Na análise da obra, procura-se acompanhar a trajetória do autor, enfatizando a importância e o impacto do texto, com dados quantitativos e qualitativos, cuja importância estende-se além da academia.

Abstract Sixty years after Erving Goffman's book The Presentation of Self In Everyday Life was published (1959), this article reconstructs its biography by adapting the perspective of Robert Darnton (the original, as well as the revisited one on the history of books). Original texts by Goffman in Brazilian translations are used, along with bibliographical studies, critical articles, reviews, collections, and interviews and information that are part of the Erving Goffman Archives. The goal is to follow this author's trajectory, emphasizing the importance and impact of his text, with quantitative and qualitative data that extend beyond academia in terms of importance.

"Not Just for Doctors Anymore": How the Merck Manual Became a Consumer Health "Bible".

The transformation of the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy from a "doctors-only" reference into a consumer health bible illuminates a critical era in the history of the twentieth-century medical book. Merck and Company restricted sales of its Merck Manual, first published in 1899 to offer up-to-date information for the busy practitioner, to physicians and other health care professionals until the 1970s. As more laypeople sought to get involved in their own health care decision making, the Merck Manual developed a devoted following. In the late 1980s, with almost a quarter of its sales going to nonphysicians, Merck and Company decided to put out a home edition of its famous manual. This evolution provides important insights into both the history of the medical book and the doctor-patient relationship in the United States.

Darwin's perception of nature and the question of disenchantment: a semantic analysis across the six editions of On the Origin of Species.

This body of work is motivated by an apparent contradiction between, on the one hand, Darwin's testimony in his autobiographical text about a supposed perceptual colour blindness before the aesthetic magnificence of natural landscapes, and, on the other hand, the last paragraph of On the Origin of Species, where he claims to perceive the forms of nature as beautiful and wonderful. My aim is to delve into the essence of the Darwinian perception of beauty in the context of the Weberian concept of "disenchantment of the world", assumed as a possible conceptual axis that enables the unravelling of the core of this contrast of perceptions. In acknowledging the theory of evolution as one of the most prominent scientific theories likely to have contributed to disenchantment, a number of questions arise: Is disenchantment compatible with aesthetic experience and sensibility before natural beauty? Was it Darwin's disenchanted conception of the world that led him to believe he was colour blind? To answer these questions, a computer-assisted semantic analysis of lexical frequency and variability, most especially focused on aesthetic-emotional and religious or spiritual adverbs and adjectives, has been undertaken across the six editions of The Origin. The semantic analysis demonstrates that, although disenchanted, Darwin's descriptions of, mainly, the adaptational excellence of living beings, reflect an aesthetically enriched perception of nature. It is concluded that Darwin's perceptual colour blindness, then, might be based on a confusion rooted in the equation of equality between aesthetic sensibility in nature and the perception of its beauty as part of the vestigia Dei.

Ateleological propagation in Goethe's Metamorphosis of plants.

It was commonly accepted in Goethe's time that plants were equipped both to propagate themselves and to play a certain role in the natural economy as a result of God's beneficent and providential design. Goethe's identification of sexual propagation as the "summit of nature" in The Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) might suggest that he, too, drew strongly from this theological-metaphysical tradition that had given rise to Christian Wolff's science of teleology. Goethe, however, portrayed nature as inherently active and propagative, itself improvising into the future by multiple means, with no extrinsically pre-ordained goal or fixed end-point. Rooted in the nature philosophy of his friend and mentor Herder, Goethe's plants exhibit their own historically and environmentally conditioned drives and directionality in The Metamorphosis of Plants. In this paper I argue that conceiving of nature as active productivity-not merely a passive product-freed Goethe of the need to tie plants' forms and functions to a divine system of ends, and allowed him to consider possibilities for plants, and for nature, beyond the walls of teleology.

Moreau de Tours: organicism and subjectivity. Part 1: Life and work.

This is the first of two articles analysing the importance of J.J. Moreau de Tours' work and its influence on the development of descriptive psychopathology from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Part 1 focuses on biographical aspects and presents Moreau's main works in their social and cultural context, with special emphasis on his book Du Hachisch et de l'Aliénation mentale, published in 1845. The second article will concentrate on Moreau as a psychopathologist.

A contextual thematic analysis of the accessory nerve in Scottish historical medical collections of the Royal Colleges of Edinburgh and Glasgow.

INTRODUCTION: The classification of the accessory nerve (CN XI) remains a source of debate; its exact function has not been fully elucidated having also an atypical morphology for a cranial nerve. A better insight into its anatomical and physiological features is of clinical relevance. The aim was to conduct a review of 18th and 19th century books from the Royal Medical/Surgical Colleges in Scotland, United Kingdom. A contextual historical analysis of the depictions and descriptions of the accessory nerve could provide insight into the disparity in the current descriptions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Online archive catalogues were systematically searched and, during site visits, resources were formally and contextually analyzed, with the information then thematically analyzed. The themes were discussed against a widely known reference textbook of the era. RESULTS: Based on the thematic analysis, the resources were categorized either as practical anatomy books or field-specific anatomy books including neuroanatomy atlases. This intended use, along with the target audience, influenced the scope and detail of information, typically with general anatomy for students in the practical resources, and specialist information in the field-specific resources. The authors' professional background also influenced the way the accessory nerve was described and/or depicted, with surgeons/physicians placing emphasis on the clinical aspects. Content variations could also be attributed to communication restrictions of the era, and associated purchasing costs. CONCLUSIONS: Although scientific advances are nowadays disseminated at a faster pace, actively bridging the gap between anatomical sciences and clinical research is still needed when considering the accessory nerve to further elucidate the mysteries of this structure.

De fósiles y rocas. Libros, prensa, debates y cultura material de la minería en Nueva España, siglo XVIII / Of fossils and rocks. Books, press, discussions and material culture of mining in New Spain, eighteenth century

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo la práctica de la minería se visibilizó en una serie de textos —libros y prensa— que, a lo largo de tres siglos, estabilizaron su trán-sito del mundo de lo empírico al académico; evidenciando en sus páginas la transformación de las formas de mirar y entender la mineralogía, tanto como la construcción de una cultura material propia del estudio de las minas. En este texto intentaré dibujar una trayectoria de estos procesos de transformación y construcción con centro en el contexto novohispano del siglo XVIII, en el momento de institucionalización y academización de la minería finisecular (AU)

The American Neurological Association's Book "Eugenical Sterilization: A Reorientation of the Problem" Through the Lens of Contemporaneous Book Reviews.

BACKGROUND: In 1936, the American Neurological Association (ANA) published the book "Eugenical Sterilization: A Reorientation of the Problem" in response to what the first author of the book described as a positive reception to a paper presented at the ANA's 1935 annual meeting. The conclusions of the presentation were approved by the organization during the same meeting. As evidenced by the publication of several book reviews in a variety of medical journals, the book garnered some attention. METHODS: Reviews of the ANA's book were sought using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embasa. Also, the book's title was used to search the World Wide Web. RESULTS: The search yielded four reviews, all published in 1937. The reviews make evident a positive opinion of the ANA's book's authors' recommendations including the option for "selective sterilization" of patients with conditions such as Huntington disease, Friedreich ataxia, and epilepsy. In addition, reviewers highlighted the book's authors' assessment that "the feebleminded [breed] docile, servile, useful people who do the dirty work of the race, [as] servants fulfilling a social function." CONCLUSIONS: Although the book's authors did not advocate for all-out eugenical sterilization, they did little to counter the popular opinion that patients with certain neurological diseases were a drain on society. In addition, they espoused a positive vision of the feebleminded's role as servants who can do undesirable work. This message was disseminated through book reviews.

'Ghosts from other planets': plurality of worlds, afterlife and satire in Emanuel Swedenborg's De Telluribus in mundo nostro solari (1758).

In 1758 in London, Swedish natural philosopher and mystic theologian Emanuel Swedenborg published De Telluribus in Mundo nostro Solari (Earths in our solar system), a treatise on the plurality of worlds and life on other planets. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, these topics formed a heterogenous literary genre which encompassed theology, astronomy, philosophy and satire. In De Telluribus, Swedenborg made detailed claims of communication with extraterrestrial spirits in the afterlife, through which he sought to spread his theology to new audiences. The paper will explore the role of De Telluribus in Swedenborg's career, explain its content and analyse its polarized reception. It will show that De Telluribus combined for the first time the literary codes of two popular genres during the period, namely those concerning the plurality of worlds and the dialogues of the dead. By doing so, the paper revises current scholarly understanding of Swedenborg by showcasing him as a versatile yet ill-fated recombiner of literary genres. More broadly, the paper will shed light upon previously unnoticed eighteenth-century literary interactions along with a wider overview on the reception of themes such as the plurality of worlds, mysticism and satire in Scandinavia and Germany.

Francis Bacon, José de Acosta, and Traditions of Natural Histories of Winds.

It is well attested that Francis Bacon considered his History of Winds to be an exemplar, but what lessons should be taken from its example have been subject to debate. Instead of looking at this work as a mere model for the fusion of natural history and natural philosophy, it is also possible to see Bacon as trying to provide tentative solutions to outstanding questions regarding the wind, a topic that was deeply scrutinized during the early modern period. An examination of Bacon's provisional concluding rules reveals deep correspondences with earlier works, such as José de Acosta's Natural and Moral History of the Indies, that revised classical understandings of the wind based on experience, experiments, and accounts of travels beyond Europe. Understanding the History of Winds as a genuine attempt to solve outstanding questions about the wind uncovers its debt to earlier traditions, including those related to Renaissance natural history, and shows it's influence in relation to specific theories of the wind beyond its call for methodological reform.

Albrecht Nagel on vision with two eyes.

Nagel's book on vision with two eyes was published in 1861, during a period in which German visual scientists were struggling to rescue the doctrine of identical retinal points from the evidence of stereoscopic depth. The long observational history of binocular vision has been dominated by the appearance of a single world with two eyes and its breakdown when the eyes are distorted abnormally. Early in the nineteenth century the flat horopter of Aguilonius (proposed two centuries earlier) assumed curvature in the form of the Vieth-Müller circle which was linked to identical retinal points: there were only two possible states of binocular perception - singleness with images on the Vieth-Müller circle and doubleness otherwise. This elegant edifice was undermined when Wheatstone demonstrated singleness and depth from images with slight retinal disparities. Nagel responded by providing observations on combining simple line stimuli in the two eyes. In the last part of chapter 3 of his book, Nagel describes experiments with lines varying in orientation or curvature with respect to the two eyes; it is in this section that Nagel draws attention to cyclofusion and the involvement of the extraocular muscles in it. Ocular torsion was an issue of considerable contention in nineteenth century visual science. The possibility of torsion in opposite directions seemed fanciful and yet this is what Nagel proposed in order to maintain cyclofusion for lines inclined in opposite directions relative to the horizontal. Similar rotations about the vertical resulted in a depth effect with no cyclovergence. The involvement of cyclovergence remained hotly debated until photographic recording of eye movements verified it.

Medicinal plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the New Kreuterbuch by Leonhart Fuchs (1543).

In mid-16 th century, three scientific books have been edited, which have been a real sensation, each one in its own scientific field. The first one, published in Nürnberg by Nikolaus Kopernikus, named: "De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium Libri VI" put the sun in the center of the universe, and takes the human being out of the middle of the world. The second one, published in Basel by Andreas Vesalius: "De Humani Corporis Fabrica", describes the anatomy of the human body and the third one, also published in Basel by Leonhart Fuchs, was named "New Kreuterbuch". It shows woodcuts of the most important medicinal plants of its time along with botanical descriptions and therapeutic uses. This book emerged as one of the most influential botanical works of the 16 th century and is still interesting. Here, we used it to investigate which medicinal plants of the Early Modern times contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In total, 15 species were identified.

[A textual research on the spreading of Jin Gui Yu Han Jing].

Jin Gui Yu Han Jing(, The Jade Case Classic of the Golden Cabinet) and Shanghan Lun(, Treatise on Febrile Diseases) have similar contents but different names, and they were handed down after being collated by the Medical Records Bureau in 1066, the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty. At present, Jin Gui Yu Han Jing is Chen Shijie's edition in the Qing Dynasty. Chen Shijie got the manuscript of Song Dynasty from He Zhuo, a scholar of Qing Dynasty, then corrected it, and published it in 1717. By searching the citations from Jin Gui Yu Han Jing in medical works from 1066 to 1717, and dividing them into two categories: direct quotation and indirect quotation, so as to investigate the spreading situation of Jin Gui Yu Han Jing since Song Dynasty. According to this, it can be inferred that Jin Gui Yu Han Jing had not been found by doctors in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

[Philology research on the quoting from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women in Korean Euibangyoochui].

Euibangyoochui compiled by the Korean government was finished in 1445. This book is a collection of Korean medicine. It quoted some contents from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women. This paper use the photocopy of the Japanese edition of the first year of Fumihisa(1861)printed in Korea as the master copy of Euibangyoochui, the microfilm of the edition of Qin You Shu Tang in Yuan Dynasty as the master copy of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women, in order to compare the content of Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women quoted in Euibangyoochui. There are 42 direct citations from Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women in Euibangyoochui, 41 of which are in gynecology, and 1 of which is in pediatrics. The indirect citations are divided into two types: single line big characters and double line small characters, no obvious rules. Meanwhile, it is found that the direct quotation is adjusted according to the style and content, and the differences between the quotation and the yuan edition are mostly small, which can be corrected and supplemented each other, it is of great reference value for collating the Compendium of Effective Prescriptions for Women.

Foucault's Folie et déraison: its influence and its contemporary relevance.

Michel Foucault remains one of the most influential intellectuals in the early twenty-first century world. This paper examines the origins and impact of his first major work, Folie et déraison, on the history of psychiatry, particularly though not exclusively in the world of Anglo-American scholarship. The impact and limits of Foucault's work on the author's own contributions to the history of psychiatry are examined, as is the larger influence of Madness and Civilization (as it is known to most Anglophones) on the nascent social history of psychiatry. The paper concludes with an assessment of the sources of the appeal of Foucault's work among some scholars, and notes his declining influence on contemporary scholars working on the history of psychiatry.